mRNA Therapeutics: Pharmacological Mechanisms and Pharmaceutical Delivery Innovations

Abstract

Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics have emerged as a transformative modality for vaccination, protein replacement, and gene therapy. By harnessing the cell’s translational machinery, exogenously delivered mRNA can transiently express therapeutic proteins without genomic integration. Recent advances in mRNA chemical modification, lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery, and immune evasion strategies have enabled robust pharmacological effects with controllable safety profiles. This review provides a comprehensive overview of mRNA pharmacology, delivery platforms, clinical applications, and the technological innovations driving translation. Emphasis is placed on pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity modulation, and emerging strategies to optimize tissue-specific delivery and therapeutic efficacy